The SOE reform in China
Zhou Dayong
Summer semester 2003
Europa-University Viadrina,Germany

Abstract:
The essay tries to study the process of the state-owned enterprise (SOE) reform in China. Chinese economic reform resulted in significant influences on all social aspects, SOEs as an especially economic sector suffers a change both in internal management as well in the outside economic environment. I try to discuss in the essay, that the Chinese SOE reform has made large progress, however, SOE can’t conquer many problems by itself, the resolution of SOE lies in elimination of SOE by a further reform including property transition and construction of a fairer market.


Outline
1. History of the SOE reform in China
2. The main problems left in the reform
3. The reasons of SOE problem behind
4. Argue of some reform plans and suggestion
5. Conclusion


1. The history of the SOEs reform in China
1.1 the establishment of SOE
In 1949, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) came into power in Mainland China. One goal of the CCP was to lead China into a modern socialism society. In economic scale, it meant mainly industrialization. According to CCP’s policy, the form of industrial organization must be based upon state owned enterprises. The state-owned industrial system was set up by two ways. One was the new enterprise after the liberation. At the end WWII, most industrial sectors in China, such as communication network, transportation and power industry were destroyed and had to be rebuilt, at the same time, military industries and financial sector e.g. banking system was directly nationalized from the former control of Gongmin Party. Another way was transformation from the private ownership to state-owned enterprises. The private properties were regulated under state management, in some cases, for instance in commercial scale, the former private enterprises were bought by local government gradually. Till 1952, about 83% of industrial companies were controlled by the state; a socialism economic system was announced established. (Fig 1)
1.2 The reform began from 1978
Until Chinese economic reform began in 1978, public ownership in forms of state-owned and collectivized were only legal ownership of property. In industrial sector, the enterprises were controlled respectively under central or local governments, the latter made decisions for the enterprises, the enterprises were not profit seeking economic entities, they were simply workshops to execute centrally set policies.
In 1970s, the discontent of economic situation accumulated constantly, because the defects of central planning system became obviously more and more. Around 1978, the rural reform took place from grass roots and spread quickly, till 1982, the collectivized people commune had to be abolished. In company with the reform, the free market in a certain degree was developed. At the same time, the problem of lack of autonomy in SOE, which led to low efficiency, was also taken into account. Therefore, from 1978 on, the Communist Party, under the leading of Deng Xiaoping, put hand to solve the SOE problem. From 1978 to 1984, the efforts of the reform concentrated on giving the SOEs more autonomy by allowing them increased authority over the allocation of their profits, and limited production autonomy. The rest profits could be used either to finance increased investments or to pay bonuses to employees. Besides, administrative control over SOEs was decentralized to local governments. But as the prices were still centrally determined and SOEs did not realize the cost of their fixed and working capital, the reforms did not improve much the resource allocation or the utilization of capital. (1)

1.3 Contract is the main form in the second phase.
From 1985 to 1992 was the second phase of the SOE reform. The policy named Zhenqi Fenkai (separating government from enterprises), the central government decided to turn SOEs into truly independent production and management entities, and stipulate that enterprises must take responsibilities for their own profits and losses by means of contracts and leasing. The common practice was: the enterprises sign a manage contract with the responsible authorities. Under the contract, enterprises were not only allowed to retain the extra profits after they had fulfilled the contracted quotas, but also allowed to arrange their own manage including dismiss or enroll personnel. By the end of 1987, about 80% of state-owned industrial enterprises adopted the contracts system. In 1991, over 90% of the previously contracted enterprises signed the second round of contracts. Meanwhile, based on the first round contract practice, the content of the contract was improved; the authority introduced more rational norms to examine the fulfillment of contract. A multiple index system was formed, which included economic efficiency index, development potentiality index and management index etc.
During this period, the practice of shareholding reform appeared as well. This new creature was adopted at first by village enterprises, which come from the former collective enterprises. The village enterprises were always short of capital, so they raised money from the village residents. Along with the reform moved forward from countryside to cities, the shareholding system was also introduced into SOE reform. Early in April 1984 Chinese reform committee organized a seminar to discuss the exploitation of shareholding in SOE reform. That conference drew a conclusion that shareholding system is a rational way to restructure the collective and state owned enterprises in cities. In July the same year, the first shareholding company after Chinese liberation—Beijing Tianqiao department store (shareholding) came onto horizon. Till 1991, there were already 709 state owned enterprises restructured along shareholding system. These enterprises included industrial sector companies, trade companies, also financial enterprises, construction enterprises etc.
Besides, in the second phase of SOE reform, tax system had also a great change. Instead of handing in profit, SOEs paid a certain portion of tax according to their revenue level. The State and local government collected tax separately; this measure was implemented to loose the relation between SOE and local authority.
However, during this period, the SOEs showed their weakness in competition with the new developed private companies, joint venture companies and township and village enterprises, because at one side, the manager of SOEs didn’t get use to do business in a free market, the attitude of waiting, relying on government and begging for help were widespread. At another side, the relationship between government and enterprises became more complicated, because, although under the contract system, the government have no right to interfere in the SOEs management, they still rely on each other: the government need the SOE to have good performance in order to settle surplus labor forces and continue to play a role in maintain the social stability, at the same time, to increase the government’s revenue to deal with the raising infrastructure investment and other expense. The SOE, on the other side, need the protection of the authority, in order to obtain more chance to get loans, subsidizes or orders in government arranged projects. Besides, even though most of direct subsidies form the state have been cancelled, many domestic savings were also channeled into SOEs, because banks had been directed to take up the role of making "loans" to SOEs instead of the state. The total of non-performing loans has grown so large that it started to endanger the banking system. (2)

1.4 The MES is the key point in the third phase of the reform and the achievements
Form 1993 on, the reform moved into the third phase, the aim called setting up the modern enterprises system (MES). The Third Plenary Session of the 14th Party Central Committee in November 1993 proposed: "It is the inevitable request for market economy to set up modern enterprise system, it is a direction of the SOE reform of China. "This indicates that SOE reform enters a new stage of system innovation. In 1994 the State Council determined to chose 100 state-run large and medium-sized enterprises to launch an experiment to implement restructure along MES. The basic demands of the experiment were to "define right and responsibility clearly, separate government function from enterprise management, and operate scientifically”. Those requirements were in fact the basic characters concerning modern enterprises system. Along the policy of building MES system, and based upon the development of the whole economy, there were many achievements reached in the third phase.
1) By 2000, most large and middle scale SOEs have set up modern enterprise system tentatively. According to the investigation in 2473 enterprises of State Statistics Bureau 2000, 2016 enterprises have restructured, account 81.5%. Among those enterprises, 603 turned to Co., Ltd., accounts for 29.9%; 713 were restructured to limited companies, accounts for 35.4%; the number of solely state-owned company is 700, accounts for 34.7%. As for their management, 82.2% established shareholders’ meeting, 95.1% established the board of directors, and the board of supervisors has been established in 84.5% of enterprises. Therefore, corporate governance structure has already taken shape in SOEs.
2) In this phase, during" the Ninth Five-Year Plan", China began to adjust the state-run economic layout strategically, The idea called Zhuada Fangxiao (to grab the big ones and let the small ones go). The reform for medium and large SOEs focused on fostering a batch of trans-regional, inter-trade, inter-ownership big SOE groups through reorganizing, transforming, uniting annex. In 1997, the number of national large-scale enterprise groups expands to 120. For instance, under approval by the State Council, China Petrochemical Corporation, China Oil and Natural Gas Corporation were predominated to two large groups, whose assets of enterprise group reached in 40 billion dollars, such measure improved the intensification degree and international competitiveness of Chinese petrochemical industry greatly. Another example was in telecommunication market, six major SOE telecom groups (China Telecom, China Mobile, China Unicom, China satellite communication, China railway communication) were predominated. So a new form of competition in field of communication service took shape.
By the end of 2001, national key enterprises add up to 2710, total assets up to 1,280,450 million dollar. Among 179 super-huge enterprise groups, whose business income is over 500 million dollar, there are 165 state-owned or state-holding enterprise groups.
3) During this phase, separating government function from enterprise management was strengthened harder than before. Chinese government started administrative organization structure reform in 1998. Through this administrative restructure, the departments of the State Council reduced from 40 to 29. At provincial level, government departments reduced from 55 on average to 40, about 20% departments were simply. Some departments were cancelled totally. The cancellation of government departments indicated that the SOE stay in the charge of specialized official department manages changed completely. Meanwhile, the administration rank of the state-owned enterprise were cancelled, some administrative approval procedure were simplified.
4) To relieve the social burden of SOEs, re-employment service center were set up to shunt the redundant staff of enterprises. It has been a great difficult problem of the SOE reform from begin on that enterprises are overstaffed. It is an important measure of revitalizing the SOEs to dismiss and distribute workers. In June 1998, the state council required all regions to set up re-employment service center system. National Ministry of Labor and Social Security emphasized that the laid-off worker in SOEs must 100% enter the re-employment service center. The re-employment service center determined to provide serve functions such as grant basic living cost, withhold social insurance, organize job training and launch employment etc. for laid-off worker. The fund, which used for ensuring laid-off worker's basic life and paying the social insurance premium, come from financial budget, enterprise as well as societies (namely form contribution or from laid-off worker themselves), each part bears 1/3 of the whole fund. The re-employment service center provides service for laid-off workers for at longest 3 years. When they can’t reemploy after this period, can still enjoy unemployment compensation or the society relieve according to relevant regulation.
In this reform stage, re-employment service center played a positive role on maintain social stability. From 1998 to the end of 2001, 25,500,000 laid-off workers emerged (Fig 3) in national state-owned enterprises, among them more than 17 million people were reemployed, more than 3 million people retired. However, re-employment service center was only a transitional institute, because the SOE had to still take responsibility to settle down those laid off workers. According to a new policy, all laid-off workers after 2001 are treat as unemployed and have to enter free labor force market.
5) In order to extricate SOE from predicament, especially to resolve the problem of high liability-asset ratio, by December 2000, 580 SOEs began to implement debt-to-share swap, that mean the enterprises’ debt were recalculated as share (enterprises’ equity), so that the interest burden of SOEs were lightened. In the process, most of unperformed loans would be calculated as shares, which would be gathered and supervised by a new state commission-- State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC). Till 2001, the total amount of money of debt-to-equity swap account 40,5 billion dollars, and the result was that the average asset-liability ratio of debt-to-share swapped enterprises dropped from more than 70% to under 50%.

2. The main problems left in the reform
After three steps reform, the SOE acquired more autonomy, as we have seen, the whole economic circumstance were also better. But because the reform did not touch the socialism idea from begin on, thus the transition of ownership of SOE was left basically unchanged, the defects of SOE could not changed completely. In the context of China’s economic reforms, there are still a few problems in SOE sector existed and have also a deep influence.
First of all, the interventions from the government still maintained influence in SOE. The administrative relation between enterprise and government is still remaining. Even the Local State Assets management office was established, it belong to the same bureaucratic system like former authorities. It can appoint or remove senior executives of SOEs. If enterprise applies to the broad structure, the directors in broad are appointed by it. The office has also a say in the transfer of holdings, corporate mergers, closures or other major changes to the enterprises, it is also charged with the tasks of clarifying property rights and settling disputes (3) . It seemed that the state assets supervisory takes the place of former authority above the SOEs. Moreover, the local government maintains still strong power in local enterprise, they rely on each other as we discussed above. So long as the enterprises are state-owned, whether they are big groups, stock companies or little entities, it is difficult to shaking off the directly or indirectly control from the government.
Secondly, because of the long tradition, enterprises are still taking responsibilities for their employees in pension, medical areas, therefore the so-called “soft budget constraint” cannot be given up completely. Although we have discussed that the Chinese government has managed to start re-employment plan, SOEs also take a part of the fund to support the plan. Correspondenly, government had to shoulder some failures resulted from the mismanagement of SOEs’ and avoid from their bankruptcy, in order to prevent the enterprise from bankrupcy and thus endanger the social stability.
Thirdly, the management of SOEs has low quality compare with other economic sectors. Though SOEs have produced an average 10% growth rate in the value of industrial output during the period 1978-98, this rate is considerably below the average of other sectors. The problem has two reasons. One of them is lacking of the inner incentive of the managers. The SOE managers are not entrepreneurs in the true sense, but bureaucrats at any rate. Their appointment by the government not basically according to their managerial capability, but based on their rankings in the bureaucratic hierarchy through the politic system. Another factor concerns the supervision within the SOE, it is also lacking in most cases. In practice, the position of supervisor in a enterprise is normally taken by staff within the enterprise and in most cases, the position of president of the supervision committee is taken by somebody within the enterprise, who is under the leadership of the directors and managers in his ranks both at work and in the Party. This system makes it very hard for the supervision committee to fully perform its authority (4) .
Fourth, the high liability-asset ratio is also regarded as a fatal problem of SOEs. It was observed, that during the reform period, the liability-asset ratio of industrial SOEs rose from around 11% in 1978 to approximately 65% in 1997. In as many as one-fourth of industrial SOEs, liabilities have even come to exceed assets; these enterprises are in fact insolvent. The World Bank suggests that in debt restructuring may be necessary for the most heavily indebted enterprises to bankrupt. After the implement of debt-to-share swap, the ratio decreased, but the debtor, in most cases are banks, didn’t collect the loan back, so it made the SOE even harder to get new loan for production. (5)
Furthermore, the whole process of the SOE reform companied by a serials of social problems, in compare to some difficulties such as lack or reserve labor force, ageing of the equipments, the most troublesome is the unemployment in large scales. In addition, in rural areas, millions of flowing population has been produced because of the bankruptcy and low profitability of the township and village enterprise. In urban China there are frequent reports about workers’ unrest. Although until now China still maintain a relative political stability, the menace will not fade away in a short time.

社会保险事业管理中心


关于印发2012年社会保险经办管理服务工作要点的通知

人社险中心函〔2012〕1号


各省、自治区、直辖市社会保险经办机构，新疆生产建设兵团社会保险基金管理中心：
　　根据全国人力资源和社会保障工作会议精神和《关于印发2012年人力资源和社会保障工作要点的通知》（人社部发〔2012〕1号）要求，我们研究制定了《2012年社会保险经办管理服务工作要点》，现印发给你们。请结合本地实际，认真贯彻执行。
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　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　二〇一二年一月十七日



2012年社会保险经办管理服务工作要点

　　2012年社会保险经办管理服务工作的总体思路和要求是：按照中央经济工作会议和全国人力资源社会保障工作会议部署，紧紧围绕健全和完善覆盖城乡社会保障体系的目标，以贯彻《社会保险法》和落实“十二五”规划为主线，进一步推进精确管理，做好重大改革政策实施的经办工作，全面施行新农保和城镇居民养老保险，加强扩面征缴，确保各项待遇按规定发放和支付，大力推进标准化、信息化和专业化建设，优化和创新经办管理服务流程，丰富便民利民举措，强化社保基金管理，以优异成绩迎接党的十八大胜利召开。
　　一、深入贯彻《社会保险法》
　　（一）抓好已出台配套法规的实施。重点抓好《社会保险基金先行支付暂行办法》、《社会保险个人权益记录管理办法》、《在中国境内就业的外国人参加社会保险暂行办法》等施行，抓紧修订经办操作规程和实施细则，及时研究解决实施中的问题，完善相关措施，确保实施到位。
　　（二）抓紧制定相关配套规章和规范性文件。加快起草和修订《社会保险登记管理办法》、《社会保险费申报缴纳管理规定》、《社会保险稽核办法》，争取在上半年出台实施。
　　（三）强化宣传和学习。继续深入开展《社会保险法》和配套法规的宣传教育，跟踪做好相关配套规范性文件出台后的解疑释惑工作，有针对性地组织相关培训。
　　二、扎实做好扩面征缴支付工作
　　（四）确保各项社会保险待遇按时按规定支付。做好企业退休人员基本养老金调整工作，确保按时足额发放到位。以新施行地区为重点加大对新农保和城镇居民基础养老金发放督导力度。落实“老工伤”人员纳入社会统筹的待遇支付。落实提高基本医疗保险待遇和补助水平政策以及居民医保部分新增补助资金购买大病保险政策，减轻参保对象大病负担。大力推广社会保障“一卡通”，基本实现参保人员统筹地区内医疗费用直接结算。
　　（五）进一步扩大社会保险覆盖范围。继续以非公有制经济组织从业人员、灵活就业人员、农民工和被征地农民为重点，推动职工养老保险扩面工作，努力提高缴费人员比例。做好厂办大集体改革中职工参保工作。全面施行新农保和城镇居民养老保险制度，引导符合条件人群普遍参保。重点做好城镇居民、大中小学生、灵活就业人员等参加基本医疗保险工作。大力推进事业单位和各类高风险企业、服务业企业参加工伤保险，力争使有稳定劳动关系的农民工基本纳入工伤保险覆盖范围。推动企业职工和有雇工的个体工商户等参加生育保险。2012年底全国城镇基本养老、新农保、城镇基本医疗、工伤和生育保险参保人数分别达到3.05亿人（其中城镇居民1400万人）、3.6亿人、4.75亿人、1.82亿人（其中农民工6800万人）和1.42亿人。
　　（六）加强社会保险费征缴。做好社会保险基金征收预案。规范基金征缴行为，强化依法征收。2012年全国城镇职工基本养老保险、职工基本医疗保险、工伤保险和生育保险基金征缴分别达到14600亿元（其中企业基本养老保险13400亿元）、4900亿元、386亿元和215亿元。
　　（七）完善社会化管理服务工作。加快推进中央企业、关闭破产企业和异地居住的企业退休人员按属地原则纳入居住地社区管理。探索事业单位养老保险制度改革试点地区退休人员社会化管理。充分利用基层工作平台开展社会保险社会化服务。开展异地居住人员领取社会保险待遇资格协助认证工作。探索基本医疗保险、新农保、城镇居民养老保险等方面的社会化管理服务工作。2012年底全国企业退休人员社区管理率达到78%以上。
　　三、强化社会保险基金管理
　　（八）提高基金预算管理水平。总结社会保险基金预算试编工作经验，完善基金预算数据库。强化基金预算执行管理，建立预算考核评价和激励约束机制。及时跟踪宏观经济形势对基金影响，研究建立基金运行监测制度。推动新农保和城镇居民养老保险基金实行省级管理。完善社会保险基金财务会计制度，研究制定工伤保险基金财务会计制度。总结交流社会保险基金先行支付的追偿经验和做法。加强基金安全管理工作，确保基金安全和平稳运行。
　　（九）加强社会保险运行监控工作。研究探索社会保险经办机构风险管理办法，开展经办管理岗位和环节风险评估，建立正常的评估机制。积极配合审计机关做好社会保险基金审计工作，及时纠正存在的问题，确保基金完整安全。全面建立医疗保险基金风险预警制度，保障医疗保险制度平稳运行和可持续发展。健全社会保险信息披露制度，强化社会监督。
　　（十）强化社会保险稽核、清欠和反欺诈工作。扎实推进缴费诚信制度建设，全年社会保险费征缴稽核不少于参保总人数的20%。依法加大待遇支付稽核工作力度以及对欺诈骗保冒领行为的打击力度。在系统内建立社会保险反欺诈沟通协作机制，加强与公安、卫生、药监等部门之间的协同配合，逐步形成联合防范和共同打击的工作机制。做好案例收集分析汇总通报工作。全年清理收回企业养老保险欠费180亿元。
　　四、做好重大改革政策实施中的经办管理服务工作
　　（十一）做好新型农村社会养老保险和城镇居民社会养老保险全覆盖的经办工作。加强新农保个人账户管理，继续开展个人账户管理情况专项检查。抓好县、乡、村三级经办管理示范点建设，推动基层经办管理服务水平提升。加快城乡居民养老保险信息系统应用步伐，基本实现经办电子化。
　　（十二）做好基本医疗、工伤和生育保险相关经办工作。落实关闭破产企业退休人员、困难企业职工以及领取失业金人员等困难群体参加医疗保险政策。推进医疗费用直接结算和以异地安置退休人员为重点的异地就医结算服务。加强定点医疗机构管理，完善医疗服务协议管理和分级管理，研究将医疗保险的管理从医院延伸至医师。推进按病种付费、按人头付费、总额预付等付费方式改革，建立医疗保险和医疗机构费用分担和激励惩戒并重的机制。强化对医疗服务行为和费用的监控，控制医疗费用过快增长。探索建立与医疗服务机构和药品供应商的谈判机制。继续做好门诊统筹的经办管理工作。落实《工伤保险经办规程》、《工伤保险费率浮动操作规程》，继续做好工伤保险医疗机构、康复机构、辅助器具配置机构的协议管理工作。严格工伤康复费、工伤预防费支出管理。做好城镇居民生育保险经办管理工作。
　　（十三）做好提高社会保险统筹层次的经办工作。完善基本养老保险省级统筹经办管理服务程序，研究基本养老保险基础养老金全国统筹的经办管理措施。建立健全基本医疗、工伤和生育保险市级统筹经办管理机制，积极探索工伤保险省级统筹的经办流程。做好养老、医疗保险城乡统筹和“老工伤”纳入统筹管理后的经办服务工作。
　　（十四）做好社会保险关系转移接续工作。开展基本养老保险关系转移接续经办工作督查，落实流动就业人员基本医疗保险关系转移接续政策。提高社会保险关系转移信息系统应用水平。充分利用电子化手段办理转移业务。更新县级以上社保经办机构联系方式信息库，强化跟踪服务，保证基本养老保险和基本医疗保险关系转移接续顺畅。制定养老保险跨制度转移接续经办规程。做好未就业随军配偶养老保险关系转续的经办工作。
　　五、推进社会保险经办精确管理
　　（十五）加快社会保险标准化建设步伐。贯彻实施《社会保险服务总则》和《社会保障服务中心设施设备要求》国家标准，推动完成《社会保险术语 基础部分》、《社会保险术语 医疗保险部分》、《社会保险核心业务数据质量规范》国家标准和《医疗保险药品编码》行业标准的制定工作。推动开展《社会保险业务档案管理规范》、《社会保险术语养老保险部分》、《社会保险术语 工伤保险部分》、《新型农村社会养老保险业务流程规范》4个国家标准的研究制定工作。
　　（十六）加强社会保险数据管理应用。在全系统组织开展个人权益记录管理情况检查和数据整理活动，提升权益记录质量，规范个人权益记录单查询、邮寄等工作。切实做好《人力资源社会保障统计报表系统》以及养老保险和医疗保险统计台账指标体系的应用，推动常规统计数据与联网数据分析相结合，丰富统计分析成果。充分发挥集中型数据库的作用，开展业务经办运行的联网监测工作，有效防范重复参保、重复享受待遇和违规就医等行为。
　　（十七）不断提高信息化水平。制定《关于加强社会保险经办管理信息化工作的指导意见》和《社会保险网上业务经办规程》，规范网上业务经办。开展“电子社保示范城市”推荐评比工作。做好社会保障卡发放和应用工作，拓展社会保障卡应用领域。加强经办机构信息化职能部门的业务建设。
　　（十八）推进社会保险精算工作。进一步完善企业养老和职工医疗精算报告制度，以基本养老保险全国统筹、新医改、人口老龄化对社会保险影响、基金中长期财务风险为重点，组织开展精算专题分析，充分发挥精算在决策和基金管理等方面的支撑作用。研究制定《关于加强社会保险精算工作的指导意见》，研发工伤保险精算分析模型，规范精算业务流程，扩大精算应用范围。开展以地市以上医疗保险精算为重点的业务培训，提高精算的专业化水平。
　　（十九）做好社会保险运行分析。继续组织开展各项社会保险运行分析工作，从实际出发，重点分析未参保集体企业纳入基本养老保险，“老工伤”纳入社会统筹、待遇调整后对基金的影响，医疗保险提高待遇、即时结算、门诊统筹、地级统筹等对基金的影响，以及医疗保险城乡统筹筹资和待遇水平关联度等问题，做好相关储备。
　　六、夯实社会保险经办管理基础
　　（二十）规范社会保险业务档案管理工作。继续开展社保业务档案达标验收工作，争取10月份前90%以上省级经办机构完成达标验收。组织开展新农保业务档案管理培训和社会保险业务电子档案管理调研，逐步规范新农保和城镇居民养老保险业务档案管理。
　　（二十一）加强社会保障公共服务建设。加快基层社会保障服务设施建设，继续推进街道（乡镇）、社区劳动保障工作平台建设，解决人员、场地不足以及工作条件落后等问题。规范基层劳动保障工作平台和劳动保障协理员服务行为。完成全国首批社会保障服务中心试点验收，总结经验，为下一步启动地市以上社会保障服务中心建设试点工作做好准备。
　　（二十二）提高经办工作人员专业化水平。启动社保经办机构“百千万”人才培养工程。继续举办全国地市以上经办机构负责人培训班和省级经办机构主要负责人培训班，加强对经办管理精算、标准化、信息化、内控管理、基金预算等专业人员的培训，强化业务技能。
　　七、不断完善经办管理服务体系
　　（二十三）做好《完善社会保险经办管理服务体系研究报告》成果应用。进一步加强经办机构和队伍建设，积极推进经办机构资源配合，规范经办机构设置，加强对经办机构职能定位、人员编制标准、经费保障等问题的探索和研究，做好事业单位分类改革中相关的工作。
　　（二十四）优化经办服务模式。积极打造“以信息化为支撑、管理服务一体化”的新型经办服务格局，按照统筹城乡要求，推进各项社会保险统一经办。同时探索开展外包服务，进一步优化经办流程。
　　（二十五）加强系统文化与作风建设。深入开展经办系统窗口单位为民服务创先争优活动。围绕“培育社保文化，弘扬社保精神”，大力宣传经办系统先进单位、个人的优秀事迹，在全系统组织社保文化与社保精神征集活动，增强系统凝聚力。推行经办业务公开、经办机构办事公开，拓展政务信息渠道。强化党风廉政建设责任制，进一步完善预防腐败的各项措施，提高党员干部党性修养和廉洁自律意识。